Essay about Should Public School Students be Given Birth...

The question regarding whether or not public schools must offer birth control methods to teenagers remains controversial. There are those who are for birth control being provided in public school and those who are against it. This paper will describe two issues that prove that contraception should indeed be provided within public schools. The first reason is that most Americans support the idea that public schools must provide birth control methods to students. This is according to results obtained from several opinion polls. The second reason for contraceptive being given to teenagers, will help them avoid many dangerous Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) associated with having unsafe sexual practices. Studies have shown an increase with†¦show more content†¦Those who support this idea were girls (53%) and boys (47%); challengers were boys (11%) and girls (9%). All boys voted whereas 1% of the girls did not vote. The practice to provide contraceptives to students in public schools can therefore greatly reduce the danger of teenage pregnancies. Contraception helps to avoid cases where teenagers put themselves at risk to the many health dangers by unsafe sexual activities. Increasing number show that many of students are engaged in unsafe sexual activities can more than likely run the risk of contracting a STDs, this behavior affects both their studies and their lives. A 2000 GAO survey determined that, ‘More students were becoming sexually active, and it became apparent that there was an increasing need to bring reproductive health services to high school students in a way that addressed their very real problems’ (Dailard 6). Moreover, a December 2009 Indianapolis study involving 381 girls aged 14-17 indicated that about 50% contracted a minimum of one STD within 2 years of their first sexual adventure. This indicates that more and more American students are engaging in sexual activities. Contraceptive should be provided to such students in order to satisfy their personal health requirements. This discovery fu rther supports the idea that contraceptives should be provided in public schools to deal with the situation where numerousShow MoreRelatedThe Pros and Cons of Birth Control Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pageson birth control annually, making it one of the most prescribed drugs on the market. 10,540,000 women are currently on some type of orally ingested birth control. Although only a few side effects are harmful, there are some rare cases of death from birth control. 23 women in the United States died from the common birth control pill, Yaz or Yasmin, just in this past year. So how safe are women that take this? There are many different types of birth control. The most common type of birth controlRead MoreCase Analysis For 2012 Rush Limbaugh Vs. Sandra Fluke1177 Words   |  5 PagesStatement Rush Limbaugh word choices are the problem. 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The Curriculum And The Alternative Curriculum - 1760 Words

It has been noted that there is a great comparison and contrast that exist between the national curriculum and the alternative curriculum. These comparisons and contrasts mainly occur as a result of how the curriculums address the effectiveness in teaching of key subject areas such as English, Maths and even ICT. It has been argued that the teaching of these three key subjects should take into consideration the holistic development of the child. Curriculum is generally defined as the lesson and the academic content that is either taught in school or a specific programme that is viewed to be academic. In some cases; like for example the dictionary, curriculum is usually defined as the courses that a school offers to its learners though this terminology is rarely used in such a general sense by the schools. The definition of curriculum mainly depends on how widely or broadly educators define or even employ it (Abbott 2001). 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The Effect Of Obestatin Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The present survey was designed to measure the effects of chronic intra peritoneal disposal of obestatin on plasma testosterone concentrations and cellular morphometry of the testicles in male Sprague Dawly rats. Treatment groups were injected with obestatin ( 1nmol/100  µl saline i.p ) while the control groups received saline ( 100  µl i. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect Of Obestatin Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now p ) for 10 back-to-back yearss. Blood samples were collected at different clip intervals during and after the dose disposal. Testiss were removed after killing the rats on yearss 5 and 15 after the last injection. Plasma testosterone concentrations were found significantly high ( p A ; lt ; 0.05 ) in the obestatin treated groups as compared to the control groups. Testicular histomorphometry revealed that obestatin intervention caused a important addition in the primary spermatocytes ( P A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) , secondary spermatocytes and spermatids ( P A ; lt ; 0.005 ) and Leydig cells population ( p A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) both after five and 15 yearss. These findings indicate that obestatin significantly proliferate different testicular cell types and heighten testosterone secernment in male Sprague Dawley rats during peri-pubertal phase of development. Assorted peptide endocrines are secreted from the intestine and enter circulation that regulates nutrient consumption, energy balance and stomachic motility [ Tache et Al. 2004 ; Young et Al. 2005 ; Baynes et Al. 2006 ; Cummings et Al. 2007 ] . The oxyntic mucous membrane cells secrete two peptide endocrines, ghrelin and obestatin which are considered as functional adversaries of each other. Ghrelin addition nutrient intake while obestatin cut down nutrient consumption [ Zhang et Al. 2005: Gualillo et Al. 2006 ] . G-protein coupled receptor GHS-R1a is considered as ghrelin receptor [ McKee et Al. 1997 ] . Another G-protein coupled receptor GPR39 which belongs to the ghrelin receptor household and is considered as receptor of obestatin [ Zhang et al. , 2005 ] . In gnawers, obestatin look was reported in assorted tissues including stomachic mucous membrane, myentric rete perinatal pancreas every bit good as in the Leydig cells of the testicle [ Chanonie et Al. 2006 ; Dun et Al. 2006 ; Zhang et Al. 2005 ] . It was reported that obestatin can non go through blood encephalon barrier, nevertheless its look has been reported in the encephalon. It was therefore postulated that obestatin might make the encephalon through the average distinction [ Pan et Al. 2006 ; Jackson et Al. 2006 ] . Data sing the engagement of obestatin in the generative maps is still missing nevertheless in a recent survey it was found that obestatin might be involved in the ordinance of ovarian granulose cells maps. It was reported that obestatin significantly increase Lipo-Lutin secernment and bring on programmed cell death in civilized porcine ovarian granulose cells [ Meszarosova et Al. 2007 ] . Engagement of ghrelin in the ordinance of generative maps has besides been reported. It was found that intervention with ghrelin for 10 back-to-back yearss resulted in the suppression of proliferative stage of different testicular cells during peri-pubertal phase. In the back bead of these findings the present survey was designed to look into the chronic consequence of obestatin on testosterone production and testicular cell proliferation in male Sprauge Dawley rats. Different cell counts are presented in table 1. In the obestatin treated animate beings the average figure of spermatogonia was high as compared to the control animate beings, but this addition was non statistically important. However, the average figure of primary spermatocytes were significantly high at different experimental yearss in the obestatin treated animate beings as compared to the control animate beings ( P A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) . The average figure of secondary spermatocytes were besides significantly high in the obestatin treated animate beings on both 5 and 15 twenty-four hours ( P A ; lt ; 0.005 ) . Average figure of unit of ammunition and extended spermatids nowadays in the seminiferous tubule were significantly ( P A ; lt ; 0.005 ) high in both intervention groups dissected on different experimental yearss as compared to matching control groups. Similarly the average figure of leydig cells were significantly ( p A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) high in treated groups as compared t o command groups but the figure of Sertoli cells present in the seminiferous tubule was non significantly high in the treated groups as compared to the control groups on different experimental yearss ( figure 2 and 3 ) . Mean ±SEM testicular adventitia albuginea thickness, seminiferous tubule epithelial tallness and seminiferous tubule diameter of control and obestatin treated groups on different experimental yearss are presented in table 2. There was found no important difference in testicular adventitia albuginea thickness, seminiferous tubule epithelial tallness and seminiferous tubule diameter of treated groups as compared to the control groups. Mean ±SEM atomic diameter of spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, sertoli cells and leydig cells of control and obestatin treated groups on different experimental yearss are presented in table 3. No important alteration in mean ±SEM spermatogonial, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, sertoli cells and leydig cells atomic diameter was observed in treated groups as compared to the control groups, both at twenty-four hours five and twenty-four hours 15 ( figure 2 ) . The testicle is a complex hormone organ where different cell types interplay to guarantee male birthrate, under the control of a overplus of hormone, paracrine and autocrine regulative signals [ Saez 1994 ] . In recent old ages, it has become apparent that different factors with cardinal functions in the growing axis ( e.g. GHRH and IGF-I ) and organic structure weight homeostasis ( e.g. leptin ) are potentially involved in the ordinance of testicular map [ Ciampani et Al. 1992 ; Baker et Al. 1996 ; Tena-Sempere et Al. 1999 ; Tena-Sempere et Al. 2001 ] . The present survey was designed in order to measure the effects of 10 twenty-four hours chronic i.p disposal of obestatin on testicular morphology and androgen synthesis in peri-pubertal male rats. In the survey 45-days-old male rats were allocated for the experiment because this age is considered as normal timing of puberty happening in the male rats [ Ojeda and Urbanski, 1994 ] . Infusions ( i.p ) of obestatin for 10 yearss was started when the rats were 45 yearss old and were dissected on twenty-four hours 5th ( 60-days-old ) and 15th ( 70-days-old ) twenty-four hours after intervention. The first sperm cell is normally seen in the lms of seminiferous tubules at 45th twenty-four hours of age [ Clermont et Al. 1957 ] and mature sperm cell is seen in vessel deferens 13 to 14 yearss subsequently at the age of about 60 yearss [ Clegj et Al. 1960 ] . The proliferation rate of the testicular cells is higher in this peculiar clip, so for this ground the current experiment was conducted o n this stage of development in male rat. In the present survey, chronic extract of obestatin during the pubertal phase, significantly increased testosterone degree in big male rats, and that elevated testosterone degree might straight heighten the spermatogenesis every bit early as observed in bulk of the seminiferous tubule in the treated animate beings as compared to the control animate beings. Obestatin intervention besides caused pronounced addition in figure of assorted testicular cells in the seminiferous tubules. This determination shows that obestatin has a stimulatory function in the transition of cellular proliferation during the peri-pubertal period in male rats. This determination besides suggests a possible opposing manner of action of obestatin as compared to ghrelin, as it was besides antecedently reported that ghrelin is a negative modulator of male generative system [ Kheradmand et al. 2008 ] . Obestatin intervention for 10 back-to-back yearss failed to do any significantly addition in the figure of spermatogonia and sertoli cell in the seminiferous tubule of the male rats and besides has no effects on seminiferous tubule and epididimal cannular thickness and its diameter. Similarly no alteration was observed in the weight and diameter of testicles. No information sing consequence of obestatin on testicular degree has been still reported. The present observations provide grounds for an engagement of obestatin in heightening the testosterone production from leydig cells. Either this addition in the testosterone secernment is the direct consequence of the binding of obestatin to its receptor ( GPR 39 ) which is present in testicle [ Yammamoto et Al. 2007 ] or obestatin could either heighten the reactivity of Leydig cells towards pituitary LH. Clearly farther surveies are needed to screen out the exact mechanism through which obestatin enhance testicular testosterone synthesis and the manner through which it induce spermatogenesis in male rats testicles. How to cite The Effect Of Obestatin Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples